In the UK, there are several types of companies and business structures you can set up, each with its own characteristics and legal implications. Here are the main types:

1. Sole Trader

• Description: A simple business structure where one individual owns and operates the business.
• Liability: The owner has unlimited personal liability for the business's debts.

2. Partnership

• Description: A business owned and operated by two or more individuals.
• Types:
  • General Partnership: All partners share responsibility for managing the business and are personally liable for its debts.
  • Limited Partnership (LP): Consists of general partners (who manage the business and are personally liable) and limited partners (who invest but do not manage and have limited liability).
  • Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): Offers limited liability to all partners and is a common choice for professional services firms.

3. Private Limited Company (Ltd)

• Description: A company owned by shareholders with limited liability and managed by directors.
• Liability: Shareholders’ liability is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares.
• Characteristics: Shares cannot be publicly traded.

4. Public Limited Company (PLC)

• Description: A company that can offer its shares to the public.
• Liability: Shareholders’ liability is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares.
• Characteristics: Requires a minimum share capital of £50,000, with at least 25% paid up, and must have at least two directors and a company secretary.

5. Unlimited Company

• Description: A company where members have unlimited liability for the company’s debts.
• Liability: Members are fully liable for the company’s debts.
• Characteristics: Rarely used due to the risk of unlimited liability.

6. Community Interest Company (CIC)

• Description: A type of company designed for social enterprises that want to use their profits and assets for the public good.
• Liability: Can be limited by shares or by guarantee.
• Characteristics: Must satisfy a community interest test and adhere to certain regulations regarding the use of profits and assets.

7. Company Limited by Guarantee

• Description: Typically used for non-profit organizations, where members guarantee to contribute a nominal amount towards the company’s debts.
• Liability: Members’ liability is limited to the amount they guarantee.
• Characteristics: Does not have share capital or shareholders.

8. Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO)

• Description: A legal form specifically for charities in England and Wales.
• Liability: Provides limited liability for trustees and members.
• Characteristics: Can enter into contracts, employ staff, and own property in its own name.

9. Branch of an Overseas Company

• Description: An overseas company can register a branch in the UK to operate its business.
• Liability: The overseas company remains responsible for the liabilities of the UK branch.
• Characteristics: Must comply with UK company registration requirements.

10. Societas Europaea (SE)

• Description: A public company registered in accordance with the corporate law of the European Union.
• Liability: Shareholders’ liability is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares.
• Characteristics: Allows a company to operate across EU member states under a unified legal structure.

Choosing the right type of company depends on various factors, including the nature of your business, the level of liability you are willing to accept, the need for investment, and your long-term business goals. It is advisable to consult with a legal or business advisor to determine the most suitable structure for your specific circumstances.