Hungary has a well-defined Value Added Tax (VAT) system that aligns with the European Union’s VAT directives. Here is a comprehensive overview of the Hungarian VAT system:

1. VAT Rates

• Standard Rate: The standard VAT rate in Hungary is 27%. This rate applies to most goods and services.
• Reduced Rates: There are two reduced VAT rates:
  • 18%: This reduced rate applies to certain essential goods and services, such as:
    • Basic food items like milk and dairy products
    • District heating services
  • 5%: This significantly reduced rate applies to a narrower range of items, including:
    • Certain medicines and medical products
    • Books and newspapers
    • Some food products such as milk, bread, and certain meat products
    • New residential housing under specific conditions

2. VAT Registration

• Threshold: Businesses must register for VAT if their annual turnover exceeds HUF 12 million (approximately EUR 33,000).
• Mandatory Registration: Regardless of the turnover threshold, certain businesses must register for VAT, such as those engaging in intra-community transactions or distance sales to Hungarian customers exceeding EUR 10,000 annually.
• Voluntary Registration: Businesses below the threshold can voluntarily register for VAT to reclaim input VAT.

3. VAT Filing and Payment

• Filing Frequency: VAT returns are typically filed quarterly or monthly, depending on the business’s annual turnover and specific activities:
  • Monthly: Required for businesses with an annual turnover exceeding HUF 50 million (approximately EUR 140,000).
  • Quarterly: For businesses with a turnover below HUF 50 million.
• Annual Return: In addition to periodic returns, businesses must submit an annual summary VAT return.
• Due Dates: VAT returns and payments are due by the 20th of the month following the reporting period.

4. VAT Invoicing

• Invoice Requirements: Hungarian VAT law mandates specific information on VAT invoices, including:
  • Date of issue
  • Unique sequential invoice number
  • Supplier’s VAT number and details
  • Customer’s VAT number (for intra-community supplies)
  • Description of goods/services supplied
  • Quantity and unit price
  • VAT rate and amount
  • Total amount payable

5. Input VAT Deduction

• Deductible VAT: Businesses can deduct the VAT they incur on purchases related to their taxable activities.
• Non-Deductible VAT: VAT on certain expenses, such as entertainment or passenger vehicles, is not deductible.

6. Reverse Charge Mechanism

• Domestic Transactions: In certain sectors, like construction, the reverse charge mechanism applies, meaning the customer, not the supplier, is responsible for reporting and paying the VAT.
• Intra-Community Transactions: For goods and services traded between EU member states, the reverse charge applies, shifting the VAT liability to the buyer.

7. VAT Refunds

• Domestic Businesses: Businesses can claim a refund of excess input VAT, typically processed within 75 days of the submission of the VAT return.
• Non-Resident Businesses: Foreign businesses can claim a VAT refund under the EU VAT refund scheme or the 13th Directive for non-EU businesses, provided they meet specific criteria and do not have a VAT registration obligation in Hungary.

8. Special VAT Schemes

• Small Businesses: Simplified schemes and reduced compliance requirements for small enterprises.
• Tour Operators Margin Scheme (TOMS): Specific rules for travel agencies and tour operators.
• Second-Hand Goods Scheme: Marginal VAT scheme for second-hand goods, works of art, and antiques.

9. VAT Compliance and Penalties

• Compliance: Strict compliance with VAT laws is essential. The Hungarian Tax Authority (NAV) monitors VAT declarations and payments.
• Penalties: Penalties for non-compliance can include fines, interest on unpaid taxes, and potential legal action.

Summary of Key Points

• Standard VAT Rate: 27%
• Reduced Rates: 18% and 5% for specific goods and services
• Registration Threshold: HUF 12 million annual turnover
• Filing Frequency: Monthly or quarterly, based on turnover
• Input VAT Deduction: Available for taxable business activities
• Reverse Charge: Applicable for certain domestic and intra-community transactions

Understanding and adhering to Hungary’s VAT system is crucial for businesses operating in the country. Working with local tax advisors or accountants can help ensure compliance and optimize VAT-related processes.